Using Arcgis10.0 and Moran’s I index method, this paper analyzes changing spatial patterns of population of Xinjiang’s major ethnic groups. The Moran's I index of Xinjiang's every main ethnic group is greater than 0, indicating different aggregation and dispersion of population distribution of Xinjiang’s main ethnic groups. With Tianshan Mountain as the boundary, there is obvious differentiation between the Han and the Uygur ethnic group in southern and northern Xinjiang. In northern Xinjiang, the concentration degree of the Han population is higher, while that of the Uygur ethnic group is higher in southern Xinjiang. No obvious changes were observed of the regional distribution pattern of the Han population and Uygur, Kazak and Mongolian ethnic groups, but considerable change occurred to the regional distribution pattern of the Hui ethnic group over 1982-2010. Policy implications of the above results are discussed at the end of the paper.